X射线辐照对梨小食心虫成虫寿命和生殖相关参数的影响

为建立基于X射线辐照的害虫不育技术,以梨小食心虫2、5、8日龄的雄蛹为研究对象,利用X射线对其进行0（CK）、67、133和200 Gy剂量的辐照处理,明确其最适辐照蛹龄;并对最适辐照蛹龄的梨小食心虫进行X射线辐照,明确辐照处理对其羽化成虫的繁殖能力、寿命、飞行能力和交配竞争力的影响。结果表明,梨小食心虫最适辐照蛹龄为8日龄;雄蛹经67 Gy与133 Gy辐照剂量处理后,与其羽化后成虫交配后的雌成虫单雌产卵量分别为25.14粒和24.56粒,卵孵化率分别为18.21%和14.61%,寿命分别为16.80 d和15.60 d,均显著低于对照;梨小食心虫雄蛹辐照处理对其羽化成虫与雌成虫的交配次数无显著影响,但辐照处理雄蛹羽化后的雄成虫与雌成虫交配后,雌成虫的日产卵量比对照明显减少,且辐照剂量越高,日产卵量变化幅度越小,产卵期也越短;辐照处理对雄蛹羽化后雄成虫的飞行能力无明显影响,但其与雌成虫的交配竞争指数下降为0.15。     

广义3S技术在林业上的应用现状与发展趋势

为提高林业管理的技术水平,从广义3S技术的定义、基本组成出发,总结和论述当前广义3S技术在林业上(包括森林资源监测、灾害管理与防治、林业管理与决策等方面)的应用,提出广义3S技术在林业上应用的5个发展趋势,分别为:①从中、大尺度向小尺度发展;②从单一的GPS定位向集成的多技术全球定位系统发展;③从通用的GIS软件向专业的GIS应用软件过渡;④从单机模式向网络发展;⑤从PC台式机向掌上PDA发展.     

不同品种苜蓿营养成分及体外消化率动态研究

用两级离体消化法测定了3个苜蓿Medicago sativa品种4个不同生育期的体外干物质(DM)和有机物质(OM)消化率.结果表明,DM和OM消化率随着生育期的推移极显著(P<0.01)下降.营养期最高,分别为63.56%和59.77%;盛花期仅为47.64%和45.37%.DM和OM消化率与ADF含量均呈强负相关,r分别为-0.800(P<0.01)和-0.814(P<0.01);与CP含量均呈强正相关,r分别为0.706(P=0.05)和0.743(P<0.01).品种对DM和OM消化率无显著影响(P＞0.05).     

指纹图谱技术在紫花苜蓿品种鉴定中的发展与应用

品种鉴定是确定品种真实性的一种重要质量检验手段,通过分析比较指纹图谱技术在紫花苜蓿品种鉴定过程中的优势与不足,指出在我国现阶段紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa的品种鉴定应在现有常规技术基础上不断提高完善,并深入开展新技术、新方法的研制,才能为我国紫花苜蓿草产业的健康持续发展提供质量保证.     

真实地形绘图算法的比较与评价

在前人研究的基础上,提出了地形显示算法的评价标准,认为一个好的地形显示算法应该支持细节层次模型,能避免"裂缝"的产生,能减小对象空间或屏幕空间的误差,能减小突跳感,保持相对稳定的帧速率,减少内存要求等.在分析不同算法的基础上,从占用CPU时间、占用存贮空间、显示质量和灵活性4个方面对基于离散LOD模型和基于连续LOD模型的算法进行了比较,认为基于连续LOD模型的算法在真实地形绘图算法中具有明显的优点.     

Pathways and dynamics of NO3 and NH4 applied in a mountain Picea abies forest and in a nearby meadow in central Switzerland

To evaluate the pathways and dynamics of inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition in previously N-limited ecosystems, field additions of ¹⁵N tracers were conducted in two mountain ecosystems, a forest dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies) and a nearby meadow, at the Alptal research site in central Switzerland. This site is moderately impacted by N from agricultural and combustion sources, with a bulk atmospheric deposition of 12 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ equally divided between NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻. Pulses of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ and ¹⁵NO₃⁻ were applied separately as tracers on plots of 2.25 m². Several ecosystem pools were sampled at short to longer-term intervals (from a few hours to 1 year), above and belowground biomass (excluding trees), litter layer, soil LF horizon (approx. 5-0 cm), A horizon (approx. 0-5 cm) and gleyic B horizon (5-20 cm). Furthermore, extractable inorganic N, and microbial N pools were analysed in the LF and A horizons. Tracer recovery patterns were quite similar in both ecosystems, with most of the tracer retained in the soil pool. At the short-term (up to 1 week), up to 16% of both tracers remained extractable or entered the microbial biomass. However, up to 30% of the added ¹⁵NO₃⁻ was immobilised just after 1 h, and probably chemically bound to soil organic matter. 16% of the NH₄⁺ tracer was also immobilised within hours, but it is not clear how much was bound to soil organic matter or fixed between layers of illite-type clay. While the extractable and microbial pools lost ¹⁵N over time, a long-term increase in ¹⁵N was measured in the roots. Otherwise, differences in recovery a few hours after labelling and 1 year later were surprisingly small. Overall, more NO₃⁻ tracer than NH₄⁺ tracer was recovered in the soil. This was due to a strong aboveground uptake of the deposited NH₄⁺ by the ground vegetation, especially by mosses.     

锡林河流域温带草原土壤的净氮矿化研究

氮素矿化是决定土壤供氮能力的重要过程，也是目前国内外研究的热点。该文采用树脂芯方法测定了内蒙古锡林河流域不同温带草原土壤在雨季期间的净氮矿化率，对树脂芯方法在温带草原的应用效果进行了评价。结果表明，实验期间贝加尔针茅草原、羊草草原和大针茅草原土壤的平均日净氮矿化率分别为0.035、0.120和0.125 kg/(hm²·d)；树脂芯方法对草原土壤氮转化过程干扰较小，是自然条件下研究温带草原土壤净氮矿化的有效手段。     

三峡库区坡耕地粮经果复合垄作技术效益评价

坡耕地水土流失对三峡库区生态环境和农业可持续性发展构成双重压力。以聚土垄作与农林复合为基础,组装坡耕地粮经果复合垄作技术。结果表明:该技术不仅培肥土壤,增加土壤水有效性,减少水土流失,而且显著提高土地生产力,发挥了较好的立体农业生态经济效益,为三峡库区坡耕地的利用与保护提供了技术支撑。     

A method to assess whether ‘preferential use’ occurs after N ammonium addition; implication for the N isotope dilution technique

The robustness of the assumption of equilibrium between native and added N during ¹⁵N isotope dilution has recently been questioned by Watson et al. (Soil Biol Biochem 32 (2000) 2019-2030). We re-analyzed their raw data using equations that consider the added and native NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ pools as separate state variables. Gross mineralization rates and first-order rate constants for NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ consumption were obtained by combining analytical integration of the differential equations with a non-linear fitting procedure. The first-order rate constants for NH₄⁺ consumption and NO₃⁻ immobilization for the added NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ pool were used to estimate gross mineralization rates and first-order rate constants for nitrification of native NH₄⁺. The latter were 2-4 times lower than the first-order rate constants derived from the added N pool. This discrepancy between first-order rate constants for nitrification implies that one or more process rates estimated for the added N pools cannot be applied to the native N pools. Preferential use of the added N resulted in an overestimation of the gross mineralization by 1.5-2.5-fold, emphasizing the need for critical evaluation of the assumption of equilibrium before gross mineralization rates are calculated.     

开垦草地对土壤有机碳库构成与来源的效应

以广西西北部喀斯特地区的开垦草地生态系为对象,研究了草地开垦变为不同农田后对土壤有机碳库的效应。结果表明,草地开垦为农田后,土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳及总有机碳的含量显著下降。自然草地开垦后,柑桔地土壤有机碳含量高于农作用地土壤。玉米与甘蔗轮作土壤有机碳含量高于甘蔗连作。13C示踪结果表明,柑桔地土壤有机碳中来源于草地的含量高于农田土壤;农田土壤有机碳中来源于草地的随种植年限的增加而降低。在玉米与甘蔗轮作的农田中,土壤有机碳中来源于玉米的高于甘蔗连作土壤有机碳中来源于甘蔗的。